Measurement report: Vertically resolved atmospheric properties observed over the Southern Great Plains with the ArcticShark uncrewed aerial system (2025)

Andrews, E., Sheridan, P. J., Ogren, J. A., and Ferrare, R.: In situ aerosol profiles over the Southern Great Plains cloud and radiation test bed site: 1. Aerosol optical properties, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D06208, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004025, 2004. 

Andrews, E., Sheridan, P. J., and Ogren, J. A.: Seasonal differences in the vertical profiles of aerosol optical properties over rural Oklahoma, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 10661–10676, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-10661-2011, 2011. 

ARM Data Discovery: ARM Data Discovery website, ARM Data Center, https://adc.arm.gov/discovery/#/results (last access: 5 September 2024), 1980–present, 2025. 

Balsamo, G., Agusti-Panareda, A., Albergel, C., Arduini, G., Beljaars, A., Bidlot, J., Blyth, E., Bousserez, N., Boussetta, S., Brown, A., Buizza, R., Buontempo, C., Chevallier, F., Choulga, M., Cloke, H., Cronin, M. F., Dahoui, M., De Rosnay, P., Dirmeyer, P. A., Drusch, M., Dutra, E., Ek, M. B., Gentine, P., Hewitt, H., Keeley, S. P. E., Kerr, Y., Kumar, S., Lupu, C., Mahfouf, J.-F., McNorton, J., Mecklenburg, S., Mogensen, K., Muñoz-Sabater, J., Orth, R., Rabier, F., Reichle, R., Ruston, B., Pappenberger, F., Sandu, I., Seneviratne, S. I., Tietsche, S., Trigo, I. F., Uijlenhoet, R., Wedi, N., Woolway, R. I., and Zeng, X.: Satellite and In Situ Observations for Advancing Global Earth Surface Modelling: A Review, Remote Sens.-Basel, 10, 2038, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs10122038, 2018. 

Bellouin, N., Quaas, J., Gryspeerdt, E., Kinne, S., Stier, P., Watson-Parris, D., Boucher, O., Carslaw, K. S., Christensen, M., Daniau, A.-L., Dufresne, J.-L., Feingold, G., Fiedler, S., Forster, P., Gettelman, A., Haywood, J. M., Lohmann, U., Malavelle, F., Mauritsen, T., McCoy, D. T., Myhre, G., Mülmenstädt, J., Neubauer, D., Possner, A., Rugenstein, M., Sato, Y., Schulz, M., Schwartz, S. E., Sourdeval, O., Storelvmo, T., Toll, V., Winker, D., and Stevens, B.: Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change, Rev. Geophys., 58, e2019RG000660, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000660, 2020. 

Berg, L. K., Riihimaki, L. D., Qian, Y., Yan, H., and Huang, M.: The Low-Level Jet over the Southern Great Plains Determined from Observations and Reanalyses and Its Impact on Moisture Transport, J. Climate, 28, 6682–6706, https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00719.1, 2015. 

Biraud, S. C., Torn, M. S., Smith, J. R., Sweeney, C., Riley, W. J., and Tans, P. P.: A multi-year record of airborne CO2 observations in the US Southern Great Plains, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 751–763, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-751-2013, 2013. 

Burk, K., Mei, F., and Stephenson, J.: ARM Aerial Facility (AAF) – Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Filter Aerosol Sampler (AAFFILTSAMP), Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/1821176, 2023a. 

Burk, K., Mei, F., Stephenson, J., and Pekour, M.: Condensation particle counter aboard aircraft (AAFMCPC), Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/1820906, 2023b. 

Burk, K., Mei, F., Tomlinson, J., and Mehta, H.: Trace gas concentrations – airborne (AAFH2O), Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/1821160, 2023c. 

Burk, K., Mei, F., Tomlinson, J., and Mehta, H.: Meteorological Instrumentation aboard Aircraft (AAFTRH), Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/1820905, 2023d. 

Burk, K., Mei, F., Tomlinson, J., and Morris, V.: Infrared Thermometer – Airborne (AAFIRT), Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/1821129, 2023e. 

Chand, D., Newsom, R., Thorsen, T., Cromwell, E., Sivaraman, C., Flynn, C., Shilling, J., and Comstock, J.: Aerosol and Cloud Optical Properties from the ARM Raman Lidars: The Feature Detection and Extinction (RLPROF-FEX) Value-Added Product, ARM user facility, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States, Medium: ED; Size: 34 p., https://arm.gov/data/science-data-products/vaps/rlprof-fex (last access: 14 March 2025), 2022. 

Cheng, Z., Liyu, A., Dexheimer, D., Lata, N. N., Kulkarni, G., Longbottom, C. M., Mei, F., and China, S.: An automated size and time-resolved aerosol collector platform integrated with environmental sensors to study the vertical profile of aerosols, Environ. Sci. Atmospheres, 2, 1263–1276, 2022. 

Cheng, Z., Morgenstern, M., Henning, S., Zhang, B., Roberts, G. C., Fraund, M., Marcus, M. A., Lata, N. N., Fialho, P., Mazzoleni, L., Wehner, B., Mazzoleni, C., and China, S.: Cloud condensation nuclei activity of internally mixed particle populations at a remote marine free troposphere site in the North Atlantic Ocean, Sci. Total Environ., 904, 166865, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166865, 2023. 

Creamean, J. M., de Boer, G., Telg, H., Mei, F., Dexheimer, D., Shupe, M. D., Solomon, A., and McComiskey, A.: Assessing the vertical structure of Arctic aerosols using balloon-borne measurements, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 1737–1757, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-1737-2021, 2021. 

Cristina, M., Mei, F., Ermold, B., and Mehta, H.: Navigational Location, Motion, and Attitude for Airborne Platforms (AAFNAVAIMS), Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/1238157, 2023. 

Cromwell, E., Flynn, D., and Zhang, D.: Micropulse Lidar Cloud Mask Machine Learning VAP (MPLCMASKML), Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/1637940, 2023a. 

Cromwell, E., Newsom, R., Zhang, D., and Chand, D.: Raman Lidar Vertical Profiles Feature Detection and Extinction (RLPROFFEX1THOR), Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/1373934, 2023b. 

Delle Monache, L., Perry, K. D., Cederwall, R. T., and Ogren, J. A.: In situ aerosol profiles over the Southern Great Plains cloud and radiation test bed site: 2. Effects of mixing height on aerosol properties, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109, D06209, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD004025, 2004. 

Dexheimer, D., Airey, M., Roesler, E., Longbottom, C., Nicoll, K., Kneifel, S., Mei, F., Harrison, R. G., Marlton, G., and Williams, P. D.: Evaluation of ARM tethered-balloon system instrumentation for supercooled liquid water and distributed temperature sensing in mixed-phase Arctic clouds, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 6845–6864, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-6845-2019, 2019. 

Dupont, J.-C., Haeffelin, M., Morille, Y., Comstock, J. M., Flynn, C., Long, C. N., Sivaraman, C., and Newson, R. K.: Cloud properties derived from two lidars over the ARM SGP site, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L08814, https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL046274, 2011. 

Endo, S., Fridlind, A. M., Lin, W., Vogelmann, A. M., Toto, T., Ackerman, A. S., McFarquhar, G. M., Jackson, R. C., Jonsson, H. H., and Liu, Y.: RACORO continental boundary layer cloud investigations: 2. Large-eddy simulations of cumulus clouds and evaluation with in situ and ground-based observations, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 120, 5993–6014, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JD022525, 2015. 

Fast, J. D., Berg, L. K., Alexander, L., Bell, D., D'Ambro, E., Hubbe, J., Kuang, C., Liu, J., Long, C., Matthews, A., Mei, F., Newsom, R., Pekour, M., Pinterich, T., Schmid, B., Schobesberger, S., Shilling, J., Smith, J. N., Springston, S., Suski, K., Thornton, J. A., Tomlinson, J., Wang, J., Xiao, H., and Zelenyuk, A.: Overview of the HI-SCALE Field Campaign: A New Perspective on Shallow Convective Clouds, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 100, 821–840, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0030.1, 2019. 

Fast, J. D., Bell, D. M., Kulkarni, G., Liu, J., Mei, F., Saliba, G., Shilling, J. E., Suski, K., Tomlinson, J., Wang, J., Zaveri, R., and Zelenyuk, A.: Using aircraft measurements to characterize subgrid-scale variability of aerosol properties near the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains site, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 22, 11217–11238, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-22-11217-2022, 2022. 

Feingold, G., Furrer, R., Pilewskie, P., Remer, L. A., Min, Q., and Jonsson, H.: Aerosol indirect effect studies at Southern Great Plains during the May 2003 Intensive Operations Period, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D05S14, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005648, 2006. 

Flynn, D., Shi, Y., Lim, K.-S., and Riihimaki, L.: Cloud Type Classification (cldtype) Value-Added Product, ARM Climate Research Facility, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States, Medium: ED; Size: 16 p., https://arm.gov/data/science-data-products/vaps/cldtype (last access: 14 March 2025), 2017. 

Flynn, D., Cromwell, E., and Zhang, D.: Micropulse Lidar Cloud Mask Machine-Learning Value-Added Product Report, United States, Medium: ED; Size: 17 p., https://arm.gov/data/science-data-products/vaps/mplcmaskml (last access: 14 March 2025), 2023. 

Gartzke, J., Knuteson, R., Przybyl, G., Ackerman, S., and Revercomb, H.: Comparison of Satellite-, Model-, and Radiosonde-Derived Convective Available Potential Energy in the Southern Great Plains Region, J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., 56, 1499–1513, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0267.1, 2017. 

Geerts, B., Raymond, D. J., Grubišić, V., Davis, C. A., Barth, M. C., Detwiler, A., Klein, P. M., Lee, W.-C., Markowski, P. M., Mullendore, G. L., and Moore, J. A.: Recommendations for In Situ and Remote Sensing Capabilities in Atmospheric Convection and Turbulence, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 99, 2463–2470, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0310.1, 2018. 

Ghan, S. J. and Collins, D. R.: Use of In Situ Data to Test a Raman Lidar–Based Cloud Condensation Nuclei Remote Sensing Method, J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol., 21, 387–394, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0426(2004)021<0387:UOISDT>2.0.CO;2, 2004. 

Ghan, S. J. and Schwartz, S. E.: Aerosol Properties and Processes: A Path from Field and Laboratory Measurements to Global Climate Models, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 88, 1059–1084, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-88-7-1059, 2007. 

Ghan, S. J., Rissman, T. A., Elleman, R., Ferrare, R. A., Turner, D., Flynn, C., Wang, J., Ogren, J., Hudson, J., Jonsson, H. H., VanReken, T., Flagan, R. C., and Seinfeld, J. H.: Use of in situ cloud condensation nuclei, extinction, and aerosol size distribution measurements to test a method for retrieving cloud condensation nuclei profiles from surface measurements, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 111, D05510, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005752, 2006. 

Gibler, G., Mei, F., and Stephenson, J.: Tricolor Absorption Photometer aboard aircraft (AAFSTAP), Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/1838697, 2023a. 

Gibler, G., Mei, F., and Stephenson, J.: Optical Particle Counter aboard aircraft (AAFMOPC), Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/1838698, 2023b. 

Holdridge, D.: Balloon-borne sounding system (sonde) instrument handbook, DOE Office of Science Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program, 38pp., https://arm.gov/capabilities/instruments/sonde (14 March 2025), 2020. 

Jensen, M. P., Holdridge, D. J., Survo, P., Lehtinen, R., Baxter, S., Toto, T., and Johnson, K. L.: Comparison of Vaisala radiosondes RS41 and RS92 at the ARM Southern Great Plains site, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 9, 3115–3129, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-3115-2016, 2016. 

Kelley, M. C. and Ardon-Dryer, K.: Analyzing two decades of dust events on the Southern Great Plains region of West Texas, Atmos. Poll. Res., 12, 101091, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apr.2021.101091, 2021. 

Kennedy, A. D., Dong, X., and Xi, B.: Cloud fraction at the ARM SGP site, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 115, 91–105, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-013-0853-9, 2014. 

Knobelspiesse, K. D., Cairns, B., Schmid, B., Román, M. O., and Schaaf, C. B.: Surface BRDF estimation from an aircraft compared to MODIS and ground estimates at the Southern Great Plains site, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 113, D20105, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010062, 2008. 

Koontz, A., Mei, F., Tomlinson, J., and Mehta, H.: Meteorological Instrumentation aboard Aircraft (AAFMETAIMS), Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/1349241, 2023. 

Kulkarni, G., Mei, F., Shilling, J. E., Wang, J., Reveggino, R. P., Flynn, C., Zelenyuk, A., and Fast, J.: Cloud Condensation Nuclei Closure Study Using Airborne Measurements Over the Southern Great Plains, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 128, e2022JD037964, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JD037964, 2023a. 

Kulkarni, G., Sivaraman, C., and Shilling, J. E.: Retrieved Number Concentration of Cloud Condensation Nuclei (RNCCN) Profile Value-Added Product Report, ARM user facility, https://arm.gov/data/science-data-products/vaps/rnccn (last access: 14 March 2025), 2023b. 

Lata, N. N., Cheng, Z., Dexheimer, D., Zhang, D., Mei, F., and China, S.: Vertical Gradient of Size-Resolved Aerosol Compositions over the Arctic Reveals Cloud Processed Aerosol in-Cloud and above Cloud, Environ. Sci. Technol., 57, 5821–5830, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c09498, 2023. 

Li, J., Carlson, B. E., Yung, Y. L., Lv, D., Hansen, J., Penner, J. E., Liao, H., Ramaswamy, V., Kahn, R. A., Zhang, P., Dubovik, O., Ding, A., Lacis, A. A., Zhang, L., and Dong, Y.: Scattering and absorbing aerosols in the climate system, Nat. Rev. Earth Environm., 3, 363–379, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-022-00296-7, 2022. 

Li, Y., Pöschl, U., and Shiraiwa, M.: Molecular corridors and parameterizations of volatility in the chemical evolution of organic aerosols, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 3327–3344, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-3327-2016, 2016. 

Liu, J., Alexander, L., Fast, J. D., Lindenmaier, R., and Shilling, J. E.: Aerosol characteristics at the Southern Great Plains site during the HI-SCALE campaign, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 21, 5101–5116, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-5101-2021, 2021. 

Lowe, S. J., Partridge, D. G., Davies, J. F., Wilson, K. R., Topping, D., and Riipinen, I.: Key drivers of cloud response to surface-active organics, Nat. Commun., 10, 5214, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-12982-0, 2019. 

Lu, C., Liu, Y., Zhang, G. J., Wu, X., Endo, S., Cao, L., Li, Y., and Guo, X.: Improving Parameterization of Entrainment Rate for Shallow Convection with Aircraft Measurements and Large-Eddy Simulation, J. Atmos. Sci., 73, 761–773, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-15-0050.1, 2016. 

Mansoura, X., Cheng, Z., Vandergrift, G., Lata, N. N., Sola, V., Lai, Z., Rahman, A., Dhas, J., Zhu, Z., Zhang, D., Mei, F., and China, S.: Vertical profile of the chemical composition and mixing state of summertime ambient aerosols in the Southern Great Plains, Environ. Sci. Technol., under preparation, 2025. 

McComiskey, A. and Ferrare, R. A.: Aerosol Physical and Optical Properties and Processes in the ARM Program, Meteorol. Monogr., 57, 21.21–21.17, https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-15-0028.1, 2016. 

Mei, F., Setyan, A., Zhang, Q., and Wang, J.: CCN activity of organic aerosols observed downwind of urban emissions during CARES, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 12155–12169, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-12155-2013, 2013. 

Mei, F., Pekour, M. S., Dexheimer, D., de Boer, G., Cook, R., Tomlinson, J., Schmid, B., Goldberger, L. A., Newsom, R., and Fast, J. D.: Observational data from uncrewed systems over Southern Great Plains, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 3423–3438, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-3423-2022, 2022. 

Mei, F. and Ermold, B.: Portable optical particle spectrometer aboard an airborne platform (AAFPOPS), Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/2322345, 2023a. 

Mei, F. and Ermold, B.: Aircraft Integrated Meteorological Measurement System aboard aircraft (AAFMETAIMS100HZ), Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/2204047, 2023b. 

Mei, F. and Ermold, B.: Aircraft Integrated Meteorological Measurement System aboard aircraft (AAFNAVAIMS100HZ), Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/2204048, 2023c. 

Mei, F., Ermold, B., and Mehta, H.: Navigational Location, Motion, and Attitude for Airborne Platforms (AAFNAV), Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/1339718, 2023a. 

Mei, F., Ermold, B., and Mehta, H.: Navigational Location, Motion, and Attitude for Airborne Platforms (AAFNAVVEC), Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/1238153, 2023b. 

Mei, F., Wang, H., Zhu, Z., Zhang, D., Zhang, Q., Fast, J. D., Gustafson, W. I., Li, X.-Y., Schmid, B., Niedek, C., Tomlinson, J., and Flynn, C.: Bridging New Observational Capabilities and Process-Level Simulation: Insights into Aerosol Roles in the Earth System, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 105, E709–E724, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-23-0110.1, 2024. 

Morris, V., Ermold, B., Zhang, D., and Shi, Y.: Boundary-layer height data with CEIL (CEILPBLHT), Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility [data set], https://doi.org/10.5439/1095593, 2023. 

Mullens, E. D. and McPherson, R. A.: Quantitative scenarios for future hydrologic extremes in the U.S. Southern Great Plains, Int. J. Climatol., 39, 2659–2676, https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5979, 2019. 

Naud, C. M., Muller, J.-P., and Clothiaux, E. E.: Comparison between active sensor and radiosonde cloud boundaries over the ARM Southern Great Plains site, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 108, 4140, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002887, 2003. 

Niedek, C. R., Mei, F., Zawadowicz, M. A., Zhu, Z., Schmid, B., and Zhang, Q.: Quantitative chemical assay of nanogram-level particulate matter using aerosol mass spectrometry: characterization of particles collected from uncrewed atmospheric measurement platforms, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 955–968, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-955-2023, 2023. 

Niedek, C. R., Mei, F., Jiang, W., Trousdell, J., Zawadowicz, M., Schmid, B., and Zhang, Q.: Advancing aerosol chemical characterization and vertical profiling over the Southern Great Plains via integrated uncrewed aerial sampling and aerosol mass spectrometry analyses, ACS Environ. Sci. Technol. – Air, under preparation, 2025. 

Ou, S. C., Chen, Y., Liou, K. N., Cosh, M., and Brutsaert, W.: Satellite remote sensing of land surface temperatures: Application of the atmospheric correction method and split-window technique to data of ARM-SGP site, Int. J. Remote Sens., 23, 5177–5192, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160110115050, 2002. 

Parworth, C., Fast, J., Mei, F., Shippert, T., Sivaraman, C., Tilp, A., Watson, T., and Zhang, Q.: Long-term measurements of submicrometer aerosol chemistry at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) using an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM), Atmos. Environ., 106, 43–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.01.060, 2015. 

Petters, M. D. and Kreidenweis, S. M.: A single parameter representation of hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nucleus activity, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1961–1971, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-1961-2007, 2007. 

Phillips, T. J. and Klein, S. A.: Land-atmosphere coupling manifested in warm-season observations on the U.S. southern great plains, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 119, 509–528, https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD020492, 2014. 

Phillips, T. J., Klein, S. A., Ma, H.-Y., Tang, Q., Xie, S., Williams, I. N., Santanello, J. A., Cook, D. R., and Torn, M. S.: Using ARM Observations to Evaluate Climate Model Simulations of Land-Atmosphere Coupling on the U.S. Southern Great Plains, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 122, 524–511, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JD027141, 2017. 

Rahman, M. M.: Recommendations on the measurement techniques of atmospheric pollutants from in situ and satellite observations: a review, Arab. J. Geosci., 16, 326, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-023-11410-4, 2023. 

Riedi, J., Goloub, P., and Marchand, R. T.: Comparison of POLDER cloud phase retrievals to active remote sensors measurements at the ARM SGP site, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 2185–2188, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GL012758, 2001. 

Roach, P. J., Laskin, J., and Laskin, A.: Molecular Characterization of Organic Aerosols Using Nanospray-Desorption/Electrospray Ionization-Mass Spectrometry, Anal. Chem., 82, 7979–7986, https://doi.org/10.1021/ac101449p, 2010. 

Rosenfeld, D., Fischman, B., Zheng, Y., Goren, T., and Giguzin, D.: Combined satellite and radar retrievals of drop concentration and CCN at convective cloud base, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 3259–3265, https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GL059453, 2014. 

Ruehl, C. R., Davies, J. F., and Wilson, K. R.: An interfacial mechanism for cloud droplet formation on organic aerosols, Science, 351, 1447–1450, https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad4889, 2016. 

Schmid, B., Tomlinson, J. M., Hubbe, J. M., Comstock, J. M., Mei, F., Chand, D., Pekour, M. S., Kluzek, C. D., Andrews, E., Biraud, S. C., and McFarquhar, G. M.: The DOE ARM Aerial Facility, B. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 95, 723–742, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00040.1, 2014. 

Schobesberger, S., D'Ambro, E. L., Vettikkat, L., Lee, B. H., Peng, Q., Bell, D. M., Shilling, J. E., Shrivastava, M., Pekour, M., Fast, J., and Thornton, J. A.: Airborne flux measurements of ammonia over the southern Great Plains using chemical ionization mass spectrometry, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 16, 247–271, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-247-2023, 2023. 

Seinfeld, J. H., Bretherton, C., Carslaw, K. S., Coe, H., DeMott, P. J., Dunlea, E. J., Feingold, G., Ghan, S., Guenther, A. B., Kahn, R., Kraucunas, I., Kreidenweis, S. M., Molina, M. J., Nenes, A., Penner, J. E., Prather, K. A., Ramanathan, V., Ramaswamy, V., Rasch, P. J., Ravishankara, A. R., Rosenfeld, D., Stephens, G., and Wood, R.: Improving our fundamental understanding of the role of aerosolcloud interactions in the climate system, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 113, 5781–5790, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514043113, 2016. 

Silber, I., Comstock, J. M., Kieburtz, M. R., and Russell, L. M.: ARMTRAJ: A Set of Multi-Purpose Trajectory Datasets Augmenting the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility Measurements, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 2024, 1-18, 10.5194/essd-2024-127, 2024. 

Silber, I., Comstock, J. M., Kieburtz, M. R., and Russell, L. M.: ARMTRAJ: a set of multipurpose trajectory datasets augmenting the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) user facility measurements, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 17, 29–42, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-17-29-2025, 2025. 

Sisterson, D. L., Peppler, R. A., Cress, T. S., Lamb, P. J., and Turner, D. D.: The ARM Southern Great Plains (SGP) Site, Meteorol. Monogr., 57, 6.1–6.14, https://doi.org/10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0004.1, 2016. 

Sivaraman, C., McFarlane, S., Chapman, E., Jensen, M., Toto , T., Liu, S., and Fischer, M.: Planetary Boundary Layer Height (PBL) Value Added Product (VAP): Radiosonde Retrievals, ARM user facility, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States, Medium: ED; Size: 36 p., https://arm.gov/data/science-data-products/vaps/pblht (last access: 14 March 2025), 2013. 

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Measurement report: Vertically resolved atmospheric properties observed over the Southern Great Plains with the ArcticShark uncrewed aerial system (2025)
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